Concrete building construction.



STATES PATENT @Brion I i n. scinsrnn, orvNEwYonx, n. Y. I

condition nomme cons'rnrrczrion.

1,134,164'f enmonommn man, Patented Api-.6,191.5

- nppunuuneupnns, 1ero. sermnessesae lTo allfwwme' mzyfcaem: trectors in so combining the tile blocks and Beit known that I, KARL R. Sonosrnn, the concrete meterial that the resultmg'floor of the borou'gh of Manhattan, city and State construction-will, or can be made to, utilize of'NewYork, haveinvented certain new sind the full compressive strength of the materiel 5 useful Improvementsin Concrete Building 1present in thekhollow tile locks, to blnd the 6( Constructions, of which the. following is a ollow blocks and the material of vthe confull, clear, and exact specification, such as crete beams 1n: a manner to minmnze the will enableothers skilled in the ertto which entry of the plestic or semi-plastic concrete it a pertains to makean'd use the same. Y during the operation of'mstalhng the com- 'Ihis invention'is a oor construction foi' onents of t e oor, and to so bond the hol- 65 fire lproof buildings, the `letter embodying ow vtile blocks and the concrete as to attain usually a framework composed ofsteel and homoeneity of structure, resultin ein e, concrete or steel and stone or brick, such' mono ith possessing the requisite Q'ngtxi. as arev winged extensively for manufacturandlqad carryin capacit with a .e ing and business purposes; and saidinven-l of-weight for sla s of de nlte area 70 tion pertains, more particularly, to a., iipor the ginders and columns or piers.A construction wherein hollow blocks or illes am aware that concrete and hollow tile are combined with concrete in suoli a-:manioors have been crosswise reinforced by 15? as i30 result'in' H001* 01 a@ Slb between spacing blocks of Va certain form in 'such gliders, which floor is so reinforced as to manner that crossing or intersecting metal 75 `render ity self-sustaining without resorting rods may be positioned in two diretions befr tothe use of intermediatebeams. In this art tween the rows of blocks; and nrther that the developments in recent years have been it has been proposed to combine cellular tile such as .to reato a demand for a structure bloks with concrete material vin such mancombining the minimum of weight with a nen thatvthe extent of entry of t e concrete 80 maximum of strength toresist the 'full quota material in setting the floor will be limited of nding stresses under an'abnormal load, by the ce s or spaces. In the first instance,

but chieliy the requirements are for economy however, the hollow blocksemployed in the inthe use of materials, and thocapacity of crosswise reinforced arch have been such as" installing the components of thi?` yfioor by to preclude the eiect of a lock and bond be- 85 unskilled labor.' x tweensuch tile blocks and the concrete ribs. Accordingly, the objects of my inventiony so necessary in a 'Hoorpossessing the maxiare to meet these requirements by a form of mum strength with Vthe least dedgzezvei ht construction which embodies the -necessery inthe materials used, due to the fact,`.inain y, `3|5 Stllngaso mei? the VllOuS SIGSSQS, re; 'thatthe full compressive strength ofthe ma- 90' filires, lm st Possibledead Welght mu?? A.feol in the hollow blocks cannot be and is materiels, which attains marked economyln?. not'secured when combined with the con the use of materlels, and wh1ch can` be ini" crete beams ;"whereas in thesecond instsuocL 'stalled rapidly and easily by llnSklllOd 1811012 herein referred to, the hollow tile blocks aire I 49 \It is recognized that e perfect bond is opse't 1n rows, 'with the tiles of each `roW- inf'` b5' taina'ble between hollow c lay tile blocks and sidewise contact so that it is not possible g lastic concrete or mortar provided the tile? for concrete ribs or metal reinforcing,l )locks be set while dry and cement in a plasrods to'extend between the sides of the tile tic or semiplastic condition be poured into blocks, thus decreasing the eiiciency and i the spaces between the tile blocks and propweight carrying capacity of the floor con- 10% erly tamped, as a result of which the concrete struction, although it is proposedto cut and tile locks unite or bondsointimately esv away the top and side portions ofthe blocks to result in a monolith betweenthegirders at thel ends thereof in order "that tlfsolid end mers/or columns. It may be that material. at the bottom of the bloc@V may tile blocks a'le emplyed chiefly SSfh filler project in a mliner t0 3f which' 105 material to secure economy, to vezipedite the produces, rst, a solid under surfaceof clay i'. mstallatwn, and t0 reduce the 'aggregate materialat the ettomeftheeo where@ weightof the dat slab oroor construclon; Vtoapply the plastery coat; `andsecond, v`to 5. but serious problems have always here't'lfore fprovide a continuous channel between'the 5 presented' themselves to engineers :indi:ci-nl?" ends of tworows of tile blocks, lch chen-f -IX' `ri al.

nels are designed to receii'e metal reinforcements and concrete material. the latter closingthe hollowv spaces in the endsI ot the blocks and producing beams which extend in one direction only in the lloor, 'a'. e, at right angles to the girders. Manifestly, in the latter form of construction tbe'tile blocks are not enveloped on all their sides with the material forming' the concrete ribs. and said blocks are not. and cannot be. conibined `with the concrete material to secure the 'full compressive strength of the hollow blocks in the construction oi the floor oi arch.

According to my invention, I employc crossing or intersecting metal reinforceing rods which constitute tension members at thc bottom middle portion ot lthe door, hollow tile blocks of cellular form internally and open at the respective ends thereof, said blocks being individually spaced with respect to every other block and occupying a predetermined spaced relation tothe crossing metal reinforcements so that the tile blocks are positioned in rows both lengthwise and crosswiseof the resulting floor, and bondingI material composed of concrete which is poured and tamped so as to fill the spaces intervening the sides and ends ot the hollow. tile blocks, whereby the concrete nia- A tei'ial producesintersecting beams which'en-A velop the side walls and end portions of the hollow tile blocks, so as to secure a perfect bond between the dry material of preferably baked hollow tiles and the wet'plast-ic or' Asemi-plastic concrete, such bond existing not only at the side walls of the individual tiles but also at the end faces of said tiles. Furthermore, the cellular hollow tiles and the material of the concrete beams are inti- 'inately loclzedand-bound together for the reason that the concrete material, while in its plastic or semi-pla`stic condition, will enter and fill the hollow spaces of said tiles at the vopen ends thereof, but the. extent of entry ot' such concrete material will not be unduly excessive for several4 reasons, first, the male ial will flow into the open ended spaces to an extent limited and determined by the angle of repose of such material, sccond, by the cross sectional area of' the openings or` the cell spaces at the end of the tile block, and third, by the resistance to the inflow due to the friction between the lwalls of the a1-ll space and the plastic concrete mate- 'the concrete material. thus entering the cell spaces at theopen ends of the tile block results not only in a perfect bond beti'ecn such material but it secures the added advantages oi", i'irst, a mechanical lock betui-een the concrete beam and the hollow tile block, second, the material thus adn'iitted to theends ot the cell spaces 1n conjunction with thc concrete material 1n external con- 4tact with the respective side walls of the tile block coperate in laterally strengthening the walls of thc block so as to impart added strength and resistin qualities laterally to the blocks. and, thir't the tile blocks are so combined with the concrete beams as to attain the Jfull compressive strength of said tile blocks in the floor construction, whereby there' results a floor structure char acterized by an increase of fully fifteen perv cent. in strength with a decrease of not less than ten per cent. in weight of materialsas compared with any prior floor structure of which I have knowledge.

In a practical form of construction the` floor is in the form of a flat slab the concrete material of which is integral with a belt course, said concrete material extending continuously over the tops ot the piers and interior columns whereby I am enabled to secure the important function of continuous floors between the girders and over the topsl ol. theppiers and columns. .Furthern1ore, the metal reinforcing rods or bars are embedded in the vconcrete beams, and said bars-or rods are so positioned that at the middle 'of the Hoor between the girders and piers (at the lsa bottom chord of the fiat arch) the rods act as tension members whereas the tile blocks` and concrete ribs are in compression at the'.

top chord of the arch; but in'carryingY the continuous metal rods or bars over the capitals of the piers or columns, the said rods or bars are at or near the top of the concrete slabs over-,such piers or columns, so that they resist the tension ofthe slab at the top chord' at the specified` particular points.

Other features and advantages of the in-v4 vent-ion will appear from the following detailed descriptiontaken in connection with the drawings.

In the drawings, Figure 1 isv aplan view. of a portion of alloor embodying my invention, the full lines representing' the relative positions of the hollow tile blocks andthe concrete beams, whereas the dottedlin'es r1 1() illustrate the relation of the crossing, or `i nl.

building, both of Which-'perform the function oi supporting the doors and walls. As 'is usual the piers areat theside walls of the building, whereas the columns'are in the in` terior. Said piers andi columns may be of any suitable or preferred construction, but preferably they are formed of reinforced concrete. The' columns and the piers are constructed with enlarged upper ends or zcapitals, as indicated'at 10eand 11l in Fig. course 16, thus the prodiiyion of thus affording wide bearingsffor the floor a solid concrete slab w ch secures creased V strength at the oints where increased v The lloor is a dat slab composedof constrength is uire ,owing tothe strains in- 3 crate 12, i.l1ing blocks 14,.and metal reincident to the oad upon the door. In order 1| oroe bars or rods 15. Said floor slab ex-` to further strengthen the structure, I o mit tends continuously over the tops or capitals the rows of hollow tile blocks from the piers of the piers and the columns, the floor slab of the next adjacent columns, thereby probeing bounded at its edles by a belt course ducing solid concrete slabs 12* extending be 16 which is shown in e form of a deep tween the piers, adjacent tothe columns, and 75 concrete beam exten between the caps virtually forming concrete girders in the of the iers, and prefere l formed integral plane of the loor. with e concrete l2 of e floor. It 'will The reinforce consists of iron rods or bars be observed that the floor is of uniform'- 15 exten 'ng through or `embedded inthe 15 thickness and furthermore is free from` concrete ribs and positioned between the so beams or girders at its lower surface. rows of hollow tile blocks. Certain of the The ing blocks 14 are composed prefrods or bars extend in one direction and erably of terra cotta tile or other earthenparallel to the beItcOrSe, whereas other ware material, the said filling blocks thus rods extend. at right an les to the belt 2o combining strength and light weight with courses so as ltocross the rst-named rods, 85 lire roof and sound-dea ening ualities. whereby the/'floor slab is strengthened ma- Eai terra cotta or'tile-block is ho low but teriall byy the crossing rods or bars emf "is provided interiorly thereof with a numbeddedy in the concrete beams. It is to be ber of walls 14, own more particularly Vunderstood that the rods extendin in one a5 in-Fgs. 3 and 4, hereby the block is didirectie are positi'onedbetween t e rows 901 vided interiorly i a number of cells or of tiles at the closed sides thereof, whereas passages. The ends of the block are open, the rods which extend in the opposite diwhereasthe sides, top and bottom are closed rection are positiogned between the rows .if by the walls of the block. .The cells or astiles adjacent to the opemends thereof, and

l sagesextend lengthwise through the b ookv thusthe rows of tiles extend in two direc- 95" n so thatwhen the plastic or semiplasticcontions and the rows of rods or bars also excrete material is tamped into place to pro .tend in two di actions so that the continuous duce a resulting concrete beam or rib, said rods or bars will cross or intersect at points j y 'c or semi-plastic concrete will enter adJacent to the corners of the :individual 85 he cells or passages at the respective, open tiles, as a result of which construction a net- 10o ends of the block. The entry of the conwork of reinforcing bars or rodsandaisimicrete material while in a plastic or semilar net-work ofinter'sectiiig concrete vbeams plastic condition will be limited by the ver- 1s produced in thefloor slab for the purpose. tical dimensions of the cells or passages and of imparting thereto greatl strength and 40 by theresistance due to the frictional conweiglht-carryin capacity. i 105 tactof'saidmaterial with the walls .formed T e rods or' ars are anchored lat the rupvby the interior partitions, as a result of per portion of the door slab and extend j whichlxthe. plastic or semj-plastic material downward therein to the lower portion or will produce a shoulder the top of which is chord ofthe slab, substantially as shown in 45 i ed, as represented'more particularly Fig. 2, certain of said rods or bars extend- 110 in Fig. 4 so that the plastic or semi-plastic ing across to the solid concrete slabs 12 beconcretematerial will result in a surface tween the columns. At these slabs the rods conforming to the angle of repose of the or bars rise to the upper portion of the floor material. The plastic or semi-plastic conslab, near the top surface thereof, Vand they j c rete produces -a beam or rib and substanpass beyond the slabs 12g down into the floor 115 tinllyiills the open end portions of the holat the opposite side of said slabs 12. By low tile blocks, thereby resulting in a posiextending the reinforcing yrods or bars along. tive direct interlocking engagement between the bottom chord of the door slab between thc end s of the hollow tiles and the material the columns and piers the tension stresses in A.55, composing the Vconcrete beams. the floor slab at this point are resisted while 12'0 As shown, the hollow tile blocks are spaced by extending the rods or bars across the upl from each other on all-sides and ends, and per portion of the Hoor slab -between the when the concrete material is tamped said columns the tension strains at these points material surrounds each side and end of all 'are again resisted. This is due to the fact the blocks, lthus resultin in a monolithic that between the columns, the top chord of 125 structure2 all theparts o which are insepathe door slab is in compression'and the bot,y

ral'lybe united and 'liomogeneous.V l tom chord of the door slab is in tension",

hollow tile filling blocks 14 are while at the columns and at the belt course emitted o ver the columns and the piers and the top chord of the floor slab is in tension stehe points where the door meets the and the bottom chord is in compression. f. As

At the top portions of the floor slab exposed to the greatest stress the bars or rods are positioned in Overlapping relation, thus f imparting increased strength at such points of overlap. Thus, at the slabs 12, and at the solid concrete slabs between the columns, the ends of the bars or rods are extended past each other, thereby doubling the effect of the reinforce at such points. Furthermore, the'overlapping ofthe rods or bars is effected at all the lines running between the columns within the interior of the building, producing reinforce areas in the nature of internal girders reaching from column to column, thereby bracing and strengthening the building into a rigidunitary structure. Obviously, the walls of the building do not form any part ot' the present invention and are not illustrated. As hereinbefore stated, the building is particularly adapted for manufacturing and business purposes, andas is usual in such cases the Walls are usually skeletonized allowing the largestjpossible window area to insure a Well lighted interior.

In installing the arch the reinforce and the hollow tile blocks are positioned substantially as shown in Fig. l, the reinforce being put into place during or immediately before the tamping of the concrete. lt is preferred to'position the metallic rods or bars in crossing relationv and immediately thereafter to place the hollow tile blocks in the'spaces between said crossing bars and at regular uniformdistances therefrom. As is usual inthe art, the hollow tile blocks are supported by a centering and the rods and bars having been properly positioned, 'the concrete in a plastic or semi-plastic condi. tion' is poured .into the spaces between the rows of' tiles, such concrete being tamped in place. The plastic or semi-plastic concrete 'is in direct contact with the side'walls and ends of the tile blocks so as to secure a perfeet bonding effect therewith, and by tamping the concrete material in place the mass is solidilied to a certain extent andsome of Y the concrete flows into the cells or spaces at the respective open ends of the hollow tiles` the 'extentol entry ot' the plastic or sentii-v plastic material being limited, first, by the angle of repose ofsuch material, second, by the relatively small cross sectional area' of the cell spaces within the hollow tiles, andV third by the resistance due to the frictional contact betweei'i the walls of the cell spaces and the inflowing material. lllhenthe con crete sets and harde-ns a net-work of intersecting ribs results, which ribs are so inti mately united to the sides andgends ofthe hollow tile blocks as to resultin a homogeneous sti-notare. Furthermore, the hollow tile blocks are so united to the '.zOIMSrete beams as to utilize A the full compressive strength of the material in the tile blocks,

and while the tile blocks tend to decrease the dead weight of the Hoor slab, yet said tile" blocks and the metal reinforcing rods are so combined with the concrete beams as to-rey sult in a. monolithic structure possesslng y great weight-carrying or load resistlngcaf pacity. Furthermore, the Walls and partitions of the tile blocks are in contact with the concrete ribs and the inwardlyextending projections of 'such ribs so that the Walls and the partitions of the tile blocks are laterally reinforced, thus materially strengthvching the blocks themselves and adding weight-resisting capacity thereto.

In addition to the foregoing functions, the floor slabr'of my invention possesses other numerous advantages. The structure is extremely light in weight vand easy of installation, for the reason that the centering or molds in which the work is shaped may be perfectly dat owing to the fact that the botv tom of the floor slab is flat. .This effects a great saving, for the reason that the hollow tile blocks may be placed in position on the centering and the rods or bars placed in the desired relation to the tile blocks by unskilled labor, the operation of assembling the blocks `and the rods being rapidly performed, after which it is only necessary to dump the concrete material into place and to tamp such concrete material.

In some prior floor slabs thehollow blocks have been arranged so that there was a vlack of iii-m connection between said hollow blocks and the concrete material, resulting i I I grial interlocked with the open end portions of the blocks, but said material is perfectly bonded with the-filling blocks at the side walls and at the ends of said blocks, whereby the blocks operate etfectually as compres,- sion members, and the concrete material in such intimate Contact with the side walls ,imparts strength and stability thereto for resisting the lateral strains. l v

As will be noted by reference to Fig. 3,'

the partition walls within the hollen7 tiler blocks are close enough to each other to sub? stantially limit the extent to which the plastic concrete material will enter the cells or'V spaces within said block, and by varying the area of such cells or spaces the extent of the teria tersecting concrete beams in-.contact with to .provide entry of. the' concrete materiali-intothe lsanne maybe controlled. ,t isvmypm'p .E roportion the cells or *within the oaks that the concrete*v material willyeliterj 5 to an extent determined lbythe angle of re posev of the' materialandtof the 'de` s ired rm interlockin e gement osaid concrete material 'wi e lli blocks,

said concreteinaterial operating 'thev 1a partitions ,against each other and. to afford uivlent of a 'solid v end wall, thus may stllgthllingthe blocks themselves. Having thus the inventmnr Whf'yl claim -aefnew .anddesire to se- 2 L A crosswise reinforced floor slab comgrismg rows of, hollow tile blocks,v each lock being provided with vertical sides and having openings which extend thrbugh OP` posits ends ofsaid block,two series' of inthe verticalsides and the open ends of said tile blocks, yeach block being interlockedat the openfiends thereof with the concrete beams, the height'o said beams being equal to the thickness of the fioor slab, and two series of rods the rods of each series extending continuously with respect to said rows of blocks,v said blocks being separated and the rcds'being spactei relatively to the blocks aces a .Il through thefblock and open throughopposite ends thereof, two series .of concreteA 40' beams'extending in two directions and 'series exten #to rowsl'of sai blocks, said blocks and the which extend thr l bonded to the blocks, some Vof the concrete material of the` beams filling the end portioii'sjo said .openings within said blocks,

var1d,-t.a`;fo A series of rods, the rods of each continuously with respect :rods being 'positioned' relatively to each other`to provide spaces' admitting the passage o-the material which enters into the 50 formation of the beams.

3. A cromwise reinforced floor slab comprising hollow blocks assembled in rows extending in two directions, each block having closed `sides and provided. with openings through oppositeiien thereof; two series of "oo ncrllte bam's'bonded to the bloclfs 'of the'passages in said blocks beingpr' portioned toadmit'limitedquantities 6 0 ofthe concrete material'tothe interior of.

the block, said admitted'concretefmaterial imparting to.. the. block. sidewise thereof so as .torender the sidewise compressive streng-tha the block ceua; to the dmlt of tamping the material which enters into the formation of' beams,

h the block and open said ressive strength thereof, and two .sei-leso' rods, the rod's of each'series Aextending continuously with respect to rows o f blocks, vsaid 'block'sand therods being positioned .relativelyto `each other tov rovide spaces admitting 1the passage o'f e ,matonal which enters 'into the formation' of crosswise reinforced ilicor slab comprising hollow blocks assembled in rows and each spaced with respect to "adjoining bloc each block having closed sides'. and provi led with a series of openingsewhich, extend through said block. and open through opposite end portions'thereof, two series of concrete beams extending in two directions and bonded dinectlyto the blocks, some of the concrete -n iaterial filling the end portions of said ope cro sectional area of the beams extending inJone direction being equal substantially to the cross ctional area of the beams exnings in said blocks, the

ytending in the other direction, and t\.'o

series of rods, the Arods of each series extending continuously with respect to rows ofblocks, said blocks-being separated and tllie lxsids being positioned relatively toghe to provide tree spaces of ample to admit of tamping the material which e n' l and provided with a series of passages ex; opening' 10 tending through the block and through the opposite ends thereof, two

esy

and comprising hollow rowsextending in two Y series of rods, the rods of each series extending-continuous'ly with respect to rowsr of blocks, said blocks being relatively sep- '05.

arated and the rods being so positioned with referencer-*to the blocks as to vprovide spaces for thetamping o f concrete adapted' to enter into the formation of beams, and f two'serles of concrete beams boude blocks, said open ends of the bl admitting into the passages thereof th inflow di plastic concrete material to an extent ited by the angle of repose of sa1d plast1c material.

6. A crosswisereinforoed door slab supd tosaid ported :on columns and comprisinghollow blocks assembled in rows extending 1n two directions, 'each block having cl and provided with interior 'webs to form a series of passages which extend through the block and open through the end portions thereof, two s eries of rods the rods of each' series extending continuously with respect to rows .of blocks, said blocks beingrelativel'y separated and-.the rods being positioned with respect the blocksso as t0 form spaces for taxnpmg` of concrete sides.. .timed materislsdaptedto enter into the formation ofbeams, and two series of concrete beams In testin'iony whereof have ignedinybonded to the blocks,` said open ends of the name to tls specfication'in ghe presence of blocks admitting the inflow into said pas! twosubscribing witnsies. sages of plastic concrete material to an ex- KARLR. SCI-MISTER.

5 tent 'limited by the frictional contact of Witlfesses:

said plastic material withthe Webs forming FRED C. MARTIN, said longitudinal passags,I B. BIGGE. 

